The effects of L carnitine on renal function and gene expression of caspase 9 and Bcl 2 in monosodium glutamateinduced rats BMC Nephrology Springer Nature Link Efficacy of L carnitine supplementation for improving lean body mass and physical function in patients on hemodialysis: a randomized controlled trial European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Mechanism of L carnitine deficiency in maintenance hemodialysis Download Scientific Diagram Acetyl L Carnitine vs L Carnitine: 4 Key Differences Momentous Early research into L carnitine was often cited as underwhelming, showing negligible changes in muscle carnitine content and fat loss outcomes. However, these findings may have been limited by a short study window