Comprehensive review of the expanding roles of the carnitine pool in metabolic physiology: beyond fatty acid oxidation Journal of Translational Medicine Springer Nature Link History of L carnitine: Implications for renal disease Journal of Renal Nutrition l Carnitine reduces reactive oxygen species endoplasmic reticulum stress and maintains mitochondrial function during autophagy mediated cell apoptosis in perfluorooctanesulfonate treated renal tubular cells Scientific Reports The effects of L carnitine on renal function and gene expression of caspase 9 and Bcl 2 in monosodium glutamateinduced rats BMC Nephrology Springer Nature Link Carnitine Deficiency: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms, and More Osmosis