Medium chain fatty acid oxidation is independent of l carnitine in liver and kidney but not in heart and skeletal muscle American Journal of Physiology Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology American Physiological Society History of L carnitine: Implications for renal disease Journal of Renal Nutrition Selective inhibition of OCTN2 is more effective than inhibition of gamma butyrobetaine dioxygenase to decrease the availability of l carnitine and to reduce myocardial infarct size ScienceDirect Practice recommendations for the use of L Carnitine in dialysis related carnitine disorder National Kidney Foundation Carnitine Consensus Conference ScienceDirect The adverse effects of long term l carnitine supplementation on liver and kidney function in rats L Liu, D M Zhang, M X Wang, C Y Fan, F Zhou, S J Wang, L D Kong, 2015