Dietary supplementation of l carnitine ameliorates metabolic syndrome independent of trimethylamine N oxide produced by gut microbes in high fat diet induced obese mice Food & Function (RSC Publishing) High fat diet causes rapid loss of intestinal group 3 innate lymphoid cells through microbiota driven inflammation and mitochondrial stress: Immunity Microbiome derived carnitine mimics as previously unknown mediators of gut brain axis communication Science Advances Full article: Gut microbes with the gbu genes determine TMAO production from L carnitine intake and serve as a biomarker for precision nutrition Low Bioavailability and High TMAO Production: Novel Insights Into Acetylcarnitine and Carnitine Metabolism KrimsDavis 2025 Molecular Nutrition & Food Research Wiley Online Library